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轴承游隙率与配套仪的应用
一、 必须十分重视提高轴承游隙合格率的重要性
First, we must attach great importance to the importance of increasing the qualified rate of bearing clearance.
轴承配套时主要质量指标之一是径向游隙。径向游隙系指内、外圈沟道与滚动体在直径方向的总间隙。
One of the main quality indexes of bearing is radial clearance. The radial clearance refers to the total gap between the inner and outer ring channels and the rolling bodies in the diameter direction.
因此，轴承游隙不仅是鉴定合格的成品零件配套后成品轴承是否合格的一个主要参数，同时也是轴承能否正常工作的一个重要因素。游隙值不符合技术标准，将会影响负荷在滚动体之间的合理分布,轴承的旋转精度、振动值、寿命等都会受到影响,因此提高和保证轴承的游隙合格率,无疑十分重要。
Therefore, bearing clearance is not only a major parameter to identify the qualified finished product parts after supporting the finished product bearing is qualified, but also an important factor to determine whether the bearing can work properly. If the clearance value does not conform to the technical standard, it will affect the reasonable distribution of load between the rolling elements. The rotating accuracy, vibration value and life of the bearing will be affected. Therefore, it is undoubtedly very important to improve and ensure the clearance qualified rate of the bearing.
二、 分析径向合格率的因果关系
Two. Analyze the causality of radial pass rate.
产品质量在形成过程中，一旦发现问题就要立即寻找原因。利用因果分析形式，我们来针对径向游隙偏合格率偏低情况作一剖析。
In the process of product quality, we must find the cause immediately if we find the problem. In the form of causal analysis, we analyze the low qualification rate of radial clearance.
影响轴承游隙质量有五大因素。若暂不考虑材料和环境因素，可主要分析检测仪器、工艺方法及人员素质三者对轴承游隙质量的影响，以往轴承内、外圈与钢球的配套方法是将内，外圈沟道的直径偏差用仪器分选好，并根据标准游隙计算出某一内圈沟道直径尺寸值与某一外圈沟道直径尺寸值，然后选择相应尺寸铜球，三者装配后，用轴向游隙检查仪测试轴向游隙上下极限值，对不符合技术要求的，三者再重新选配。至于轴承的径向游隙值是用轴向游隙 值来进行得知，这是很难保证准确性的。因为测得的轴向游隙值只是上下极限值，而上下极限值又因沟道曲率大小和各人的手法不同而有所差异，所以用这种方法选配出来的轴承其径向合格率是不稳定的。时高时低，返工次数较频繁，不能确得产品的游隙质量。
There are five main factors affecting the clearance of bearings. If the material and environmental factors are not considered for the time being, the influence of measuring instruments, technological methods and personnel quality on the quality of bearing clearance can be mainly analyzed. In the past, the matching method of bearing inner and outer rings and steel balls was that the diameter deviation of inner and outer rings was sorted by instruments, and the diameter of an inner ring groove was calculated according to the standard clearance. Dimension value and a certain outer raceway diameter value, and then select the appropriate size of copper balls, the three are assembled, using the axial clearance tester to test the upper and lower limit values of axial clearance, which do not meet the technical requirements, the three re-selection. As for the bearing radial clearance value is calculated by the axial clearance value, which is difficult to ensure the accuracy. Because the measured axial clearance value is only the upper and lower limit value, and the upper and lower limit value is different because of the channel curvature and different manners, so the radial qualified rate of the bearing selected by this method is unstable. When the time is high and the time is low, the number of rework is frequent.
三、 应用配套仪，提高径向游隙合格率
Three. Apply the matching instrument to increase the qualified rate of radial clearance.
在确保轴承零件的加工质量和保证测试仪器的示值准确的前提下，运用轴承内、外圈专用配套仪对轴承内、外圈进行合理配套，是提高轴承径向游隙合格率的有效方法：
On the premise of guaranteeing the processing quality of bearing parts and the accuracy of the indication value of testing instruments, it is an effective method to improve the qualified rate of bearing radial clearance by using the special matching instrument for bearing inner and outer rings to match the inner and outer rings reasonably.
1、 配套仪配套原理
1, matching instrument matching principle
在装配轴承过程中，轴承的游隙必须符合标准的规定，向心球轴承的径向的游隙偏差公式是：
In the process of assembling bearings, the clearance of bearings must meet the requirements of standards. The radial clearance deviation formula of centripetal ball bearings is as follows:
U=X-Y-2Z
U=X-Y-2Z
或X-Y=U+2Z
Or X-Y=U+2Z
式中U=向心球轴承无负荷时的径向游隙，um
Radial radial clearance of U= centripetal bearing without load, um
X=外沟直径偏差，um
X= outer groove diameter deviation, um
Y=内沟直径偏差, um
Y= inner groove diameter deviation, um
Z=钢球直径偏差, um
Z= steel ball diameter deviation, um
公式中的U值可以从国家标准中查阅，Z值在钢球检查中已经标出。用配套仪配套的任务就是在轴承内、外圈尺寸分选后，用配套仪一次性测出(x-y)值,再选配适当尺寸的钢球进行装配后，径向游隙值再用径向游隙仪进行检查。
The U value in the formula can be checked from the national standard, and the Z value has been marked in the steel ball inspection. The task of matching with matching instrument is to measure (x-y) value of bearing inner and outer rings by matching instrument once after dimension sorting, and then to assemble steel balls of appropriate size, and then to check the radial clearance value by using radial clearance instrument.
2、 配套方法
2, supporting methods
首先用轴承内、外沟径尺寸标准件校对配套仪。因为配套仪是采用两点比较法测量的，所以校对仪器需要两个标准件即内圈、外圈沟径标准件。配套仪装有三个千分表，左右两个千分表分别反映内、外沟直径偏差，中间一个千分表一次性反映出（x-y）的数值。
First, the standard instrument for inner diameter and outer diameter of the bearing is used to proofread the matching instrument. Because the matching instrument is measured by two-point comparison method, the calibration instrument needs two standard parts, namely inner ring and outer ring groove diameter standard parts. The matching instrument is equipped with three micrometers. The left and right micrometers reflect the diameter deviation of inner and outer ditches respectively, and the middle one reflects the value of (x-y) at one time.
例如：外圈标准件沟道的实际直径偏差为+8 um，内圈标准件沟道的实际直径偏差为-5um，则x-y=+8-(-5)=13um。
For example, if the actual diameter deviation of the outer standard part channel is + 8 um, and the actual diameter deviation of the inner standard part channel is - 5 um, then X-Y = + 8 - (- 5) = 13 um.
校准时，将内外沟道径标准件同对准各自的计量点，配套仪中间一只千分表的指针应指在+13 um的位置，证明仪器已经校对好。 反之，千分表指针未指在+13 um位置，就需要重新调整仪器。
When calibrating, align the inner and outer channel diameter standard parts with their respective measuring points. The pointer of a micrometer in the middle of the matching instrument should be at + 13 um, which proves that the instrument has been calibrated. Conversely, the dial indicator does not refer to the position of +13 um, so the instrument needs to be readjusted.
由于在配套前已将内、外沟径尺寸分选好，所以配套仪左右两边的千分表可以省去不用，只需中间一只千分表反映(x-y)的数值就可以选配一定尺寸的钢球。这样配出的轴承径向游隙值符合高标准要求。
Because the inner and outer groove diameters have been sorted well before matching, the micrometers on the left and right sides of the matching instrument can be omitted, and a certain size of steel ball can be selected only by the value reflected by the middle micrometer (x-y). The radial clearance value of the bearing is in line with the high standard requirement.
需提醒的是，在内、外圈配套过程中，要坚持勤用标准件校对仪器，防止跑表，否则，测出的（X-Y数值就不准确，配出的轴承游隙值就会有误。在应用效果上，推广配套仪的使用，合格率可达98-100%.
It should be reminded that in the matching process of inner and outer rings, it is necessary to adhere to the frequent use of standard parts calibration instruments to prevent running meters, otherwise, the measured (X-Y value is not accurate, the value of bearing clearance will be mismatched. On the application effect, the use of the matching instrument can be promoted, and the pass rate can reach 98-100%.
First, we must attach great importance to the importance of increasing the qualified rate of bearing clearance.
轴承配套时主要质量指标之一是径向游隙。径向游隙系指内、外圈沟道与滚动体在直径方向的总间隙。
One of the main quality indexes of bearing is radial clearance. The radial clearance refers to the total gap between the inner and outer ring channels and the rolling bodies in the diameter direction.
因此，轴承游隙不仅是鉴定合格的成品零件配套后成品轴承是否合格的一个主要参数，同时也是轴承能否正常工作的一个重要因素。游隙值不符合技术标准，将会影响负荷在滚动体之间的合理分布,轴承的旋转精度、振动值、寿命等都会受到影响,因此提高和保证轴承的游隙合格率,无疑十分重要。
Therefore, bearing clearance is not only a major parameter to identify the qualified finished product parts after supporting the finished product bearing is qualified, but also an important factor to determine whether the bearing can work properly. If the clearance value does not conform to the technical standard, it will affect the reasonable distribution of load between the rolling elements. The rotating accuracy, vibration value and life of the bearing will be affected. Therefore, it is undoubtedly very important to improve and ensure the clearance qualified rate of the bearing.
二、 分析径向合格率的因果关系
Two. Analyze the causality of radial pass rate.
产品质量在形成过程中，一旦发现问题就要立即寻找原因。利用因果分析形式，我们来针对径向游隙偏合格率偏低情况作一剖析。
In the process of product quality, we must find the cause immediately if we find the problem. In the form of causal analysis, we analyze the low qualification rate of radial clearance.
影响轴承游隙质量有五大因素。若暂不考虑材料和环境因素，可主要分析检测仪器、工艺方法及人员素质三者对轴承游隙质量的影响，以往轴承内、外圈与钢球的配套方法是将内，外圈沟道的直径偏差用仪器分选好，并根据标准游隙计算出某一内圈沟道直径尺寸值与某一外圈沟道直径尺寸值，然后选择相应尺寸铜球，三者装配后，用轴向游隙检查仪测试轴向游隙上下极限值，对不符合技术要求的，三者再重新选配。至于轴承的径向游隙值是用轴向游隙 值来进行得知，这是很难保证准确性的。因为测得的轴向游隙值只是上下极限值，而上下极限值又因沟道曲率大小和各人的手法不同而有所差异，所以用这种方法选配出来的轴承其径向合格率是不稳定的。时高时低，返工次数较频繁，不能确得产品的游隙质量。
There are five main factors affecting the clearance of bearings. If the material and environmental factors are not considered for the time being, the influence of measuring instruments, technological methods and personnel quality on the quality of bearing clearance can be mainly analyzed. In the past, the matching method of bearing inner and outer rings and steel balls was that the diameter deviation of inner and outer rings was sorted by instruments, and the diameter of an inner ring groove was calculated according to the standard clearance. Dimension value and a certain outer raceway diameter value, and then select the appropriate size of copper balls, the three are assembled, using the axial clearance tester to test the upper and lower limit values of axial clearance, which do not meet the technical requirements, the three re-selection. As for the bearing radial clearance value is calculated by the axial clearance value, which is difficult to ensure the accuracy. Because the measured axial clearance value is only the upper and lower limit value, and the upper and lower limit value is different because of the channel curvature and different manners, so the radial qualified rate of the bearing selected by this method is unstable. When the time is high and the time is low, the number of rework is frequent.
三、 应用配套仪，提高径向游隙合格率
Three. Apply the matching instrument to increase the qualified rate of radial clearance.
在确保轴承零件的加工质量和保证测试仪器的示值准确的前提下，运用轴承内、外圈专用配套仪对轴承内、外圈进行合理配套，是提高轴承径向游隙合格率的有效方法：
On the premise of guaranteeing the processing quality of bearing parts and the accuracy of the indication value of testing instruments, it is an effective method to improve the qualified rate of bearing radial clearance by using the special matching instrument for bearing inner and outer rings to match the inner and outer rings reasonably.
1、 配套仪配套原理
1, matching instrument matching principle
在装配轴承过程中，轴承的游隙必须符合标准的规定，向心球轴承的径向的游隙偏差公式是：
In the process of assembling bearings, the clearance of bearings must meet the requirements of standards. The radial clearance deviation formula of centripetal ball bearings is as follows:
U=X-Y-2Z
U=X-Y-2Z
或X-Y=U+2Z
Or X-Y=U+2Z
式中U=向心球轴承无负荷时的径向游隙，um
Radial radial clearance of U= centripetal bearing without load, um
X=外沟直径偏差，um
X= outer groove diameter deviation, um
Y=内沟直径偏差, um
Y= inner groove diameter deviation, um
Z=钢球直径偏差, um
Z= steel ball diameter deviation, um
公式中的U值可以从国家标准中查阅，Z值在钢球检查中已经标出。用配套仪配套的任务就是在轴承内、外圈尺寸分选后，用配套仪一次性测出(x-y)值,再选配适当尺寸的钢球进行装配后，径向游隙值再用径向游隙仪进行检查。
The U value in the formula can be checked from the national standard, and the Z value has been marked in the steel ball inspection. The task of matching with matching instrument is to measure (x-y) value of bearing inner and outer rings by matching instrument once after dimension sorting, and then to assemble steel balls of appropriate size, and then to check the radial clearance value by using radial clearance instrument.
2、 配套方法
2, supporting methods
首先用轴承内、外沟径尺寸标准件校对配套仪。因为配套仪是采用两点比较法测量的，所以校对仪器需要两个标准件即内圈、外圈沟径标准件。配套仪装有三个千分表，左右两个千分表分别反映内、外沟直径偏差，中间一个千分表一次性反映出（x-y）的数值。
First, the standard instrument for inner diameter and outer diameter of the bearing is used to proofread the matching instrument. Because the matching instrument is measured by two-point comparison method, the calibration instrument needs two standard parts, namely inner ring and outer ring groove diameter standard parts. The matching instrument is equipped with three micrometers. The left and right micrometers reflect the diameter deviation of inner and outer ditches respectively, and the middle one reflects the value of (x-y) at one time.
例如：外圈标准件沟道的实际直径偏差为+8 um，内圈标准件沟道的实际直径偏差为-5um，则x-y=+8-(-5)=13um。
For example, if the actual diameter deviation of the outer standard part channel is + 8 um, and the actual diameter deviation of the inner standard part channel is - 5 um, then X-Y = + 8 - (- 5) = 13 um.
校准时，将内外沟道径标准件同对准各自的计量点，配套仪中间一只千分表的指针应指在+13 um的位置，证明仪器已经校对好。 反之，千分表指针未指在+13 um位置，就需要重新调整仪器。
When calibrating, align the inner and outer channel diameter standard parts with their respective measuring points. The pointer of a micrometer in the middle of the matching instrument should be at + 13 um, which proves that the instrument has been calibrated. Conversely, the dial indicator does not refer to the position of +13 um, so the instrument needs to be readjusted.
由于在配套前已将内、外沟径尺寸分选好，所以配套仪左右两边的千分表可以省去不用，只需中间一只千分表反映(x-y)的数值就可以选配一定尺寸的钢球。这样配出的轴承径向游隙值符合高标准要求。
Because the inner and outer groove diameters have been sorted well before matching, the micrometers on the left and right sides of the matching instrument can be omitted, and a certain size of steel ball can be selected only by the value reflected by the middle micrometer (x-y). The radial clearance value of the bearing is in line with the high standard requirement.
需提醒的是，在内、外圈配套过程中，要坚持勤用标准件校对仪器，防止跑表，否则，测出的（X-Y数值就不准确，配出的轴承游隙值就会有误。在应用效果上，推广配套仪的使用，合格率可达98-100%.
It should be reminded that in the matching process of inner and outer rings, it is necessary to adhere to the frequent use of standard parts calibration instruments to prevent running meters, otherwise, the measured (X-Y value is not accurate, the value of bearing clearance will be mismatched. On the application effect, the use of the matching instrument can be promoted, and the pass rate can reach 98-100%.
